Publications

Explore our research findings and academic contributions.

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Research output at a glance

66 outputs across 7 years. Select a metric to filter the list.

Outputs by research programme

2026

Preprint · arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.09088

A Multi-Scale Temporal Framework with Dynamic Fusion for EEG-Based Emotion Recognition

S Gkikas, Y Guo, G Li, RF Rojas, G Giannakakis, R Gomez

Preprint · arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.19722

ReFace: Reorganizing Facial Spatiotemporal Representations for Improved Pain Assessment

S Gkikas, Y Fang, CA Cruz, MU Khan, RF Rojas

Preprint · arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.19716

A Unified Tokenization Framework for Pain Recognition using Heterogeneous 3D Modalities

S Gkikas, CA Cruz, V Becchetti, MU Khan, A Giuseppi, RF Rojas

Journal article · Sensors 26 (10), 3020

Real-Time Pain Assessment from Electrodermal Activity Using Deep Learning

C Joseph, M Ghahramani, RF Rojas

Journal article · Frontiers in Digital Health 8, 1728588

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Dual-Task Sensor-Based Motion Analysis for Dementia Detection

I Hosseini, JM Northey, N D'Cunha, R Fernandez Rojas, M Ghahramani

Journal article · Sensors 26 (10), 2947

Connectivity-Based Pain Recognition from fNIRS: Parsimonious Subject-Independent Classification

M Safari, M Ghahramani, RF Rojas

Conference paper · 2026 7th International Conference in Electronic Engineering & Information Technology (EEITE)

One-Block Transformer (1BT) for EEG-Based Cognitive Workload Assessment

S Gkikas, CA Cruz, T Kassiotis, G Giannakakis, RF Rojas, R Gomez

Conference paper · 2026 7th International Conference in Electronic Engineering & Information Technology (EEITE)

A Lightweight Transformer for Pain Recognition from Brain Activity

S Gkikas, CA Cruz, Y Fang, L Cao, MU Khan, T Kassiotis, G Giannakakis, et al.

ACM Computing Surveys

A Systematic Literature Review of Healthcare Embedded Systems Using AI-based Biosignal Analysis

Sumair Aziz, Girija Chetty, Roland Goecke, Raul Fernandez Rojas

DOI: 10.1145/3793669

IEEE Internet of Things Journal

MDNet: A Lightweight Multi-Domain 1D-CNN for Embedded Pain Assessment Using EDA Signals

S. Aziz, G. Chetty, R. Goecke, R. F. Rojas

DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2026.3663683

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control

Pain intensity estimation via multimodal fusion: Leveraging ternary textures of derivatives in EDA and PPG signals

Muhammad Umar Khan, Niraj Hirachan, Calvin Joseph, Luke Murtagh, Girija Chetty, Roland Goecke, Raul Fernandez-Rojas

DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2025.108532

Information Fusion

GIAFormer: A Gradient-Infused Attention and Transformer for Pain Assessment with EDA-fNIRS Fusion

Muhammad Umar Khan, Girija Chetty, Stefanos Gkikas, Manolis Tsiknakis, Roland Goecke, Raul Fernandez-Rojas

DOI: 10.1016/j.inffus.2026.104173

Front. Digit. Health

Sensor-based motion analysis for dementia detection: a systematic review

Zongyi Jiang, Maryam Ghahramani, N. M. D’Cunha, Raul Fernandez Rojas

DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1698551

Conference paper · 14th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction

Towards a Unified Modality-Agnostic Multimodal Framework for Cognitive Workload Assessment

S Gkikas, CA Cruz, C Joseph, G Giannakakis, RF Rojas

2025

Journal article · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 14 (6), 114

SJR Q1Operational Fire Management System (OFMS): A Sensor-Integrated Framework for Enhanced Fireground Situational Awareness

D Kalina, R O’Neill, E Pevere, R Fernandez Rojas

Conference paper · 12th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering

DeriModNet: A Derivative-Aware Modulation Network for fNIRS-Based Pain Assessment

MU Khan, S Aziz, G Chetty, R Goecke, R Fernandez-Rojas

Conference paper · 12th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering

fNIRS-Based Classification of Parkinson's Disease During Standing Balance Tasks

M Sousani, Y Baradaran, HS Minhas, RF Rojas, M Ghahramani

Conference paper · 12th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 78–83

eCoTran: Pain Detection from fNIRS Signals Using an Efficient Convolutional Transformer for Embedded Systems

S Aziz, MU Khan, G Chetty, R Goecke, R Fernandez-Rojas

Journal article · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics

SJR Q1Exploring Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Postural Control Across Degraded Sensory Conditions Using fNIRS and Classification

Y Baradaran, RF Rojas, R Goecke, M Ghahramani

Conference paper · Companion Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction

The AI4Pain Grand Challenge 2025: Advancing Pain Assessment with Multimodal Physiological Signals

R Fernandez-Rojas, C Joseph, N Hirachan, B Seymour, R Goecke

ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare

SJR Q1Integration of fNIRS and Machine Learning for Identifying Parkinson’s Disease

Maryam Sousani, Raul Fernandez Rojas, Elisabeth Preston, Maryam Ghahramani

DOI: 10.1145/3761823

Journal article · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 6 (4), 1–17

SJR Q1Pain assessment using multi-kernel-fcn-lstm and haemoglobin difference in fnirs

G Bargshady, S Aziz, S Gkikas, M Tsiknakis, R Goecke, et al.

Computers in Biology and Medicine

SJR Q1Early-stage Parkinson’s disease detection using multimodal brain–body biomarkers from fNIRS and IMU data

Maryam Sousani, Raul Fernandez Rojas, Elisabeth Preston, Maryam Ghahramani

DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111096

Journal article · IEEE Sensors Journal

SJR Q1Integrating IMU Sensors and Dual-Task Timed Up and Go to Identify Biomarkers for Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease Detection

M Sousani, RF Rojas, E Preston, M Ghahramani

Journal article · ACM Computing Surveys 58 (2), 1–35

SJR Q1A systematic review of multimodal signal fusion for acute pain assessment systems

MU Khan, G Chetty, R Goecke, R Fernandez-Rojas

Journal article · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing

SJR Q1PainFormer: A vision foundation model for automatic pain assessment

S Gkikas, RF Rojas, M Tsiknakis

Journal article · Scientific Reports 15 (1), 29467

SJR Q1A CrossMod-Transformer deep learning framework for multi-modal pain detection through EDA and ECG fusion

J Farmani, G Bargshady, S Gkikas, M Tsiknakis, RF Rojas

Journal article · Frontiers in Pain Research 6, 1654743

SJR Q1Integrating sensors and artificial intelligence for objective pain detection and quantification: unveiling new possibilities

Y Kong, R Fernandez Rojas, HF Posada-Quintero

Journal article · Computers in Biology and Medicine 193, 110338

SJR Q1Multimodal brain-body analysis of prefrontal cortex activity and postural sway with sensory manipulation

Y Baradaran, RF Rojas, R Goecke, M Ghahramani

Journal article · Computers in Biology and Medicine 192, 110300

SJR Q1Empirically Transformed Energy Patterns: A novel approach for capturing fNIRS signal dynamics in pain assessment

MU Khan, S Aziz, L Murtagh, G Chetty, R Goecke, RF Rojas

Journal article · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 104, 107454

SJR Q1A two-stage architecture for identifying and locating the source of pain using novel multi-domain binary patterns of EDA

S Aziz, C Joseph, N Hirachan, L Murtagh, G Chetty, R Goecke, et al.

Preprint · arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.23427

On the validity of head motion patterns as generalisable depression biomarkers

M Gahalawat, M Bilalpur, RF Rojas, JF Cohn, R Goecke, R Subramanian

Journal article · Sensors 25 (10), 2965

SJR Q1NeuroSafeDrive: an intelligent system using fNIRS for driver distraction recognition

G Bargshady, HG Ustun, Y Baradaran, H Asadi, R C Deo, J Van Boxtel, R Fernandez Rojas

Journal article · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 33, 984–993

SJR Q1Exploring brain-body interactions in Parkinson’s disease: a study on dual-task performance

M Sousani, RF Rojas, E Preston, M Ghahramani

Other · Venue not listed

Tri-Domain EEG–fNIRS Fusion Approach for Stroop-Based Cognitive Workload Classification

IW Manawadu, M Gahalawat, RF Rojas, G Chetty, R Subramanian

2024

Conference paper · International Conference on Neural Information Processing, 49–62

Multimodal automatic acute pain recognition using facial expressions and physiological signals

J Farmani, A Giuseppi, G Bargshady, R Fernandez Rojas

Journal article · Sensors 24 (20), 6508

SJR Q1Diagnosis of schizophrenia using EEG sensor data: A novel approach with automated log energy-based empirical wavelet reconstruction and cepstral features

S Aziz, MU Khan, K Iqtidar, R Fernandez-Rojas

Conference paper · 12th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction

The AI4Pain Grand Challenge 2024: Advancing Pain Assessment with Multimodal fNIRS and Facial Video Analysis

R Fernandez–Rojas, C Joseph, N Hirachan, B Seymour, R Goecke

Conference paper · 12th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction

Automated Assessment of Pain (AAP) and Multimodal Sensing Grand Challenge for Next-Gen Pain Assessment (AI4Pain)

Z Hammal, S Walter, N Berthouze, R Fernandez-Rojas, B Seymour, et al.

Conference paper · 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

Acute pain recognition from facial expression videos using vision transformers

G Bargshady, C Joseph, N Hirachan, R Goecke, RF Rojas

Conference paper · 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

EEG-based estimation of cognitive workload across multiple tasks

AS Mathews, N Hirachan, C Joseph, M Ghahramani, J Lopez-Aparicio, et al.

Conference paper · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications

Fall risk assessment using single IMU

I Hosseini, RF Rojas, M Ghahramani

Conference paper · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, 1–5

Motor and cognitive workload during dual-task timed up and go in younger adults: An fNIRS study

M Sousani, RF Rojas, E Preston, Y Baradaran, M Ghahramani

Conference paper · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, 1–5

An fNIRS study on standing concurrent with working memory task and sensory manipulation

Y Baradaran, RF Rojas, M Sousani, R Goecke, M Ghahramani

Conference paper · International Conference on Engineering & Computing Technologies

Intelligent diagnosis of gasoline engine faults using acoustic features

L Imtiaz, M Faraz, S Aziz, MU Khan, R Fernandez-Rojas

Conference paper · International Conference on Engineering & Computing Technologies

Aerial Vehicle Detection and Classification Through Fusion of Multi-Domain Features of Acoustic Signals

M Sumble, S Aziz, MU Khan, K Iqtidar, R Fernandez-Rojas

Frontiers in Neuroinformatics

SJR Q2Empirical comparison of deep learning models for fNIRS pain decoding

Raul Fernandez Rojas, Calvin Joseph, Ghazal Bargshady, Keng-Liang Ou

DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1320189

Journal article · Sensors 24 (2)

SJR Q1Multilevel Pain Assessment with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Evaluating ΔHBO2 and ΔHHB Measures for Comprehensive Analysis

MU Khan, M Sousani, N Hirachan, C Joseph, M Ghahramani, G Chetty, et al.

2023

Conference paper · 25th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction

Explainable depression detection via head motion patterns

M Gahalawat, R Fernandez Rojas, T Guha, R Subramanian, R Goecke

IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics

SJR Q1Toward a Multi-Modal Brain-Body Assessment in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review in fNIRS

Maryam Sousani, Raul Fernandez Rojas, Elisabeth Preston, Maryam Ghahramani

DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2023.3308901

Conference paper · 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

“Where does it hurt?”: Exploring EDA Signals to Detect and Localise Acute Pain

S Aziz, MU Khan, N Hirachan, G Chetty, R Goecke, R Fernandez-Rojas

Journal article · IEEE Access 11, 66641–66671

SJR Q1A systematic review on functional near-infrared spectroscopy concurrent with quantitative balance assessment

Y Baradaran, RF Rojas, R Goecke, M Ghahramani

Frontiers in Pain Research

SJR Q2Multimodal physiological sensing for the assessment of acute pain

Raul Fernandez Rojas, Niraj Hirachan, Nicholas Brown, Gordon Waddington, Luke Murtagh, Ben Seymour, Roland Goecke

DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150264

npj Digital Medicine

SJR Q1A systematic review of neurophysiological sensing for the assessment of acute pain

Raul Fernandez Rojas, Nicholas Brown, Gordon Waddington, Roland Goecke

DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00810-1

Journal article · Sensors 23 (8), 3980

SJR Q1Experimental exploration of multilevel human pain assessment using blood volume pulse (BVP) signals

MU Khan, S Aziz, N Hirachan, C Joseph, J Li, R Fernandez-Rojas

Journal article · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 81, 104509

SJR Q1Computer-aided diagnosis system for cardiac disorders using variational mode decomposition and novel cepstral quinary patterns

MU Khan, S Aziz, K Iqtidar, R Fernandez-Rojas

2022

Conference paper · International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology

EHG signal analysis for prediction of term and preterm using variational mode decomposition and artificial neural networks

MU Khan, S Aziz, K Iqtidar, RF Rojas

Journal of Biomechanics

SJR Q1Chest and pelvis coordination during functional reach test: A possible indication of balance deficiency in older adults

Maryam Ghahramani, Raul Fernandez Rojas, David Stirling

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111177

Conference paper · 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

Measuring Cognitive Workload Using Multimodal Sensors

N Hirachan, A Mathews, J Romero, RF Rojas

2021

IEEE Sensors Journal

SJR Q1Human Activity Recognition With Accelerometer and Gyroscope: A Data Fusion Approach

Mitchell Webber, Raul Fernandez Rojas

DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3079883

Conference paper · 10th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering

Pain assessment based on fNIRS using Bi-LSTM RNNs

RF Rojas, J Romero, J Lopez-Aparicio, KL Ou

Book chapter · Cognitive Multitasking–Towards Augmented Intelligence

Background: Although many electroencephalographic (EEG) indicators have been proposed in the literature, it is unclear which of the power bands and various indices are best as…

RF Rojas, R Fernandez Rojas, E Debie, J Fidock, M Barlow, K Kasmarik, et al.

IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

SJR Q1Multimodal Fusion for Objective Assessment of Cognitive Workload: A Review

Essam Debie, Raul Fernandez Rojas, Justin Fidock, Michael Barlow, Kathryn Kasmarik, Sreenatha Anavatti, Matt Garratt, Hussein A. Abbass

DOI: 10.1109/TCYB.2019.2939399

2020

Book chapter · Shepherding UxVs for Human-Swarm Teaming

Human performance operating picture for shepherding a swarm of autonomous vehicles

RF Rojas, E Debie, J Fidock, M Barlow, K Kasmarik, S Anavatti, M Garratt, et al.

Book chapter · Shepherding UxVs for Human-Swarm Teaming

Transparent Shepherding: A Rule-Based Learning Shepherd for Human Swarm Teaming

E Debie, RF Rojas, J Fidock, M Barlow, K Kasmarik, S Anavatti, M Garratt, et al.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

SJR Q1Electroencephalographic Workload Indicators During Teleoperation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Shepherding a Swarm of Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Contested Environments

Raul Fernandez Rojas, Essam Debie, Justin Fidock, Michael Barlow, Kathryn Kasmarik, Sreenatha Anavatti, Matthew Garratt, Hussein Abbass

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00040